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Cocoa genome 'will save chocolate industry'

By Jason Palmer Science and technology reporter, BBC News, Zurich

The public release of the genome of the cacao tree - from which chocolate is made - will save the chocolate industry from collapse, a scientist has said.

Howard Yana-Shapiro, a researcher for Mars, said that without engineering higher-yielding cacao trees, demand would outstrip supply within 50 years.

Dr Yana-Shapiro said such strains will also help biodiversity and farmers' welfare in cacao-growing regions.

The genome's availability will likely lead to healthier, tastier chocolate.

The sequencing of the genome was an international, multidisciplinary effort between firms including Mars and IBM, the US department of agriculture and a number of universities, and was announced in September.

Dr Shapiro, once described as a "biodiversifarian", was speaking at an event at IBM's research labs in Zurich when he called the date the genome was released "the greatest day of my life".

"In late 2007, it became very apparent to me that we would not have a continuous supply of cocoa going into the future if we did not intervene on a massive scale to secure our supply chain."

"Cote d'Ivoire is the largest producer of cocoa in the world," Dr Shapiro continued. "Mars has bought cocoa from there for sixty years - but when we started to understand the environmental and ecological conditions, the productivity, sociocultural and economic conditions, I realised this was a moment of crisis for this region."

Milk chocolate (SPL) Dr Shapiro says the date the cocoa genome was released was the "greatest day" of his life

What is at issue is both the inherent yield of varying strains of the Theobroma cacao tree, which on average currently produce 400 kilograms per hectare of land. What is needed is to make more cocoa from fewer trees and less land.

"In 10 years, under a 2% increase in consumption we will need (an area corresponding to) another Cote d'Ivoire. There is no more place to grow it, productivity with less land must be our driver."

The genetic codes of major global staple crops such as rice and wheat have been decoded, with a view to improving yields or nutritive properties. However, those crops are grown principally on large, industrial farms.

Cocoa, by comparison, is grown for the most part on small farms by individual farmers and sold on in a less centralised market.

Disease and drought

For that reason, Dr Shapiro said, increases to yields or the cocoa butter and fat content - for which cocoa farmers are actually paid - could directly affect the lives of some 6.5 million small farmers around the globe.

Under his direction, the consortium sequenced the Theobroma cacao genome in a remarkably short time, finishing three years ahead of schedule.

The whole of the genome was first published, as Dr Shapiro puts it, "in the public domain and protected from patenting for perpetuity - so everyone would have free and continued access to it".

Now correlations between certain characteristics - such as disease and drought resistance or higher proportions of healthier fats - can be made in the field with the benefit of relatively inexpensive laboratory equipment. In this way, each region ensures it has strains that will produce the most, and the best, cocoa.

There are a number of other characteristics that, in time, may be maximised on a genetic basis - such as the level of chemicals known as flavinols, which have been implicated in laboratory tests of heart health.

'Ecological stability'

"Soon it will be the norm as opposed to the exception: healthy fats, high levels of flavinols, so that chocolate will actually become something quite different. Whether that's 10, 15 20 years away, it's on that track now."

Higher yields will free up land for other under-utilised crops in the region such as yams, sorghum and plantains. Dr Shapiro sees such small changes - that a chocolate consumer never sees - as a tangible human benefit of science-driven agriculture.

"It gives you social stability in the rural sector, it gives you cultural stability that doesn't break up the rural sector, it gives you environmental stabilty because we're reducing the risk to the environment from agricultural chemistry, it gives you ecological stability because we're protecting the remnant forest, it also sequesters carbon," he said.

"This is the really 'Green Revolution' of understanding the entire ecosystem from which you are working."

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QE2 Is Not A Recovery Plan, It’s A Stealthy Scheme To Prepare For The Next Bank Bailout

I’ve shown in rather elaborate detail in recent weeks that quantitative easing does not help the real economy generate a sustained recovery. This can be summed up as follows:

“QE’s effect on raising aggregate demand and prices was often limited” (Ugai, 2006)

  • QE has been shown to have had little to no impact in the U.K. (also see here).
  • While QE worked to ease the strains in the credit markets in 2008 and also improved bank balance sheets there was no change in interest rates during the entirety of the program in the USA and borrowing has remained very weak.
  • Because the US has a demand side problem and not a supply side problem QE is unlikely to result in higher aggregate demand and revenues (see here).
  • QE is likely to negatively impact corporate margins as investors falsely interpret QE as “money printing” and seek the safety of hard assets (see here).
  • The “wealth effect” of QE is likely to fail. Attempts to keep asset prices “higher than they otherwise would be” will always fail (see here).
  • Since QE has been shown to have no discernible long-term impact on interest rates or aggregate demand there is no fundamental reason for stocks to move higher due to the program (see here).

All of my work regarding QE has me wondering why the Fed would implement such a policy when the evidence appears to point to little to no gain in economic growth? The only logical answer is that QE2 is really just another case of the Federal Reserve proving that this is a country centered around the bankers, by the bankers and for the bankers. Before you brush me off as some conspiracy theorist please consider the evidence.

The problem with a policy like QE is that it does not actually add net new financial assets to the private sector. This is ultimately the primary misconception regarding QE. The expansion of the monetary base is not net new money in your pockets. Thus, it will not help finance new spending or investment, it will not create jobs, it will not increase aggregate demand, etc. Therefore, any policy effectiveness is based on a shuffling of assets and hopes for a sustained psychological change. A sitting member of the FOMC has (finally) admitted that QE is unlikely to do anything for the economy:

“What is the ultimate impact on the overall economy of this shift in risk? In the baseline models used by central banks, all bondholders are taxpayers. In these models, QE is essentially shifting risk from one pocket to another. As a result, the increase in tax risk (what I’m calling the fourth effect of QE) completely undoes the decrease in interest rate risk (the third effect of QE). QE ends up having no effects, except for those associated with any new forward guidance that it signals.”

But there is one distinct benefit of such a policy – it alters the composition of bank balance sheets. At the end of the day it’s really just an asset swap and a transfer of risk via bond duration or bond type. The kicker here, is that if you’re a bad bank with a few trillion dollars in bad mortgage paper you’re delighted if a AAA rated entity comes in and swaps those assets out with their highly rated paper. This is exactly what the Fed did in 2009 and make no mistake – it was hugely successful in clearing the credit markets and altering the composition of bank balance sheets. This was Mr. Bernanke’s goal after all. He was simply trying to clear the credit markets and improve the banking system and he believed that would ultimately fix the problems in the US economy. Unfortunately, he misdiagnosed a household balance sheet recession as a banking crisis. QE1 provided liquidity in the credit markets and it gave the banks some much needed breathing room. Unfortunately, the impact on the real economy was far more muted.

I think Ben Bernanke knows all of this. He has added $1T in reserves to the banks already and it hasn’t resulted in a surge in borrowing or self sustaining economy recovery. It doesn’t take a genius to understand that adding another trillion won’t change anything either. If there is low demand for apples putting more apples on the shelves does not improve the apples salesman’s ability to sell more apples.

But Mr. Bernanke is seeing the same thing that I am seeing. He sees a weak economy and a housing market that appears to be rolling over again. Knowing that the banks are extremely fragile here and understanding that there is absolutely no political will for another bailout Mr. Bernanke is creating his own bailout by bypassing Congress.

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Some of my colleagues say I am giving Mr. Bernanke far too much credit here. After all, this would require a great deal of foresight and a level of proactivity that hasn’t really been a trademark of his in recent years. I am not so certain. In fact, I don’t doubt for one second that Mr. Bernanke is fully prepared to do whatever he must to avoid another bank meltdown. He continues to believe that this is a supply side problem and not a demand side problem. He may have failed in his mandate of full employment, but when it comes to the banking sector Mr. Bernanke is more than accommodative.

What’s unfortunate in all of this is that the policy is being sold to the American public as if it’s a Main Street stimulant. There is, arguably, some merit in doing what Mr. Bernanke is doing. After all, another bank meltdown would be truly traumatic (though probably necessary). So, there’s an argument in favor of being prepared. But selling it as another Main Street stimulant is disingenuous at best. And unfortunately, 99.9% of the public is too oblivious to:

1. Understand QE

2. Raise a fuss.

The implications are obvious. The Fed will likely start with a rather small round of QE this week. After all, if I am correct Mr. Bernanke doesn’t want to unload all of his shells too early. He wants to be fully prepared in case the banks relapse so he can step in with a sizable bank bailout. So, don’t be one bit surprised this week when Mr. Bernanke announces a small round of Treasury purchases with the option to buy MBS in the future. In all likelihood, this program will remain open until it’s clear that the U.S. economy is sustaining recovery and another bank meltdown is off the table. Don’t be fooled into thinking that this is some economic panacea. Unless of course, you’re a banker.

 
Rand Paul has defeated incumbent Jack Conway in bid for Kentucky Senate

Aaron Dykes
Infowars.com
November 2, 2010

Rand Paul has defeated incumbent Jack Conway in bid for Kentucky Senate

Aaron Dykes
Infowars.com
November 2, 2010

nullRand Paul has been “projected” the winner over incumbent Jack Conway uniformly in the mainstream press, and is expected to be named Senator-elect in Kentucky. Numbers that have come in since the polls closed appear very close to the latest polls published just prior to the election, showing a double-digit lead for Rand Paul. In this election, his victory is one identified with the Tea Party, with the GOP struggle against President Obama, and/or with Libertarian- and Constitutional- conservatives everywhere.

But the system knows that more than anything, Rand Paul represents an anti-establishment tide.

Immediately following news of his win-apparent, the Wall Street Journal published an article cutting right to the bottom line of what his presence in the Senate could signal once the election fervor dies down: Rand Paul Victory Sends Fed Critic to Senate

Phil Izzo cites that “Retiring Sen. Jim Bunning, who Paul succeeds, has been the chief Fed critic in the U.S. Senate,” in Kentucky, indicating that Rand Paul could inherit Bunning’s place on the Senate Banking Committee. Izzo goes on, “Of course, there’s no guarantee that Paul will take Bunning’s spot on the Senate Banking Committee. But judging from his interest in the Fed, it seems likely that Paul will seek a spot on the influential panel.”

{youtube:www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JX-Ir9FOa8}

Without a doubt, Bernanke and the others must be wondering whether greater scrutiny will come upon the Federal Reserve with the election of Rand Paul. Already, his father, Congressman Ron Paul has become one of the strongest voices against the institution, and the economic crisis has put greater focus on the Fed. The high profile calls to audit the Federal Reserve, under a bill sponsored by Ron Paul, have gained significant support.

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In the Senate, the amendment brought by Sen. Jim DeMint to audit the Fed was blocked. But now Rand Paul could make the Federal Reserve an issue in the Senate again. That would be a significant challenge to the establishment and a victory for the grassroots movement to restore sound money.

————
Aaron Dykes is frequent writer for Infowars.com and webmaster for JonesReport.com. He is also a videographer, researcher and editor who has worked on numerous documentaries and video reports.

 
Russia’s FSB to WikiLeaks: We could destroy you

Foreign Policy
November 2, 2010

Russia’s internal security service, the FSB, seems to be taking WikiLeaks’ threat to spill dirt on the Kremlin pretty seriously, according to Russia Profile:

Preliminary analysis shows that there is no threat posed to Russia by Julian Assange’s resource. You have to understand that if there is the desire and the right team, it’s possible to shut it down forever,” an expert from the FSB’s Center for Information Security was quoted by Life News as saying on Tuesday.

Links between hacker cells and the FSB made in the past lend credence to this thinly veiled secret services threat. In his recent book on Russia’s secret services, investigative journalist Andrei Soldatov details how the Russian FSB “maintain a sophisticated alliance with unofficial hackers, such as those who carry out cyber attacks on the Web sites of enemies of the state,” drawing attention to hacker forums such as Informacia.ru.

Another interesting wrinkle of this story is Assange's claim that he's receiving help in his Russia investigations from "the Americans." Inferring right off the bat that he's getting help from U.S. intelligence -- I'm not saying he is but that's certainly the inference that will be drawn in Russia -- would seem to undercut the validity of his documents right off the bat. If Assange has claimed that "the Chinese" helped him in assembling the Iraq war logs it would have changed the story quite a bit.

 
France and UK plan unprecedented military cooperation
By Adrian Croft and Emmanuel Jarry Adrian Croft And Emmanuel Jarry Tue Nov 2, 6:47 am ET

LONDON/PARIS (Reuters) – Britain and France will launch a broad defense partnership on Tuesday that includes setting up a joint force and sharing equipment and nuclear missile research centers, a French government source said.

Treaties to be signed by French President Nicolas Sarkozy and British Prime Minister David Cameron at a meeting in London will pave the way for an unprecedented degree of military cooperation between the two neighbors.

The NATO allies, western Europe's biggest defense spenders and its only nuclear powers, have a centuries-old history of military rivalry and, more recently, have differed sharply over issues such as the Iraq war.

Their new partnership is driven by the desire to maintain cutting-edge military capabilities while at the same time reducing defense spending to rein in big budget deficits.

France and Britain will agree to set up a joint brigade-sized army contingent with air and sea support, which could assemble as needed to take part in NATO, European Union, United Nations or bilateral operations, the French source said.

British Defense Secretary Liam Fox confirmed the outlines of the agreement.

"We're talking about joint expeditionary forces with our forces in all three services working together to develop common practices, better inter-operability, and to look to see where we get better common equipment," Fox told BBC television.

"That makes perfect sense in a world where resources are tight, but our interests are increasingly common, but not always the same."

Cameron's government announced two weeks ago it was cutting Britain's 37 billion pound ($59.4 billion) defense budget by 8 percent in real terms over the next four years to help rein in a record peacetime budget deficit.

COOPERATING ON CARRIERS

France's aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle and a British carrier that is just being built will be made compatible so that each country could fly its planes off the other's carrier.

The ultimate aim is for the two countries to coordinate so that one carrier is at sea at all times.

The two countries will agree to share nuclear warhead research and simulation centers, the source said. With nuclear missile tests banned, sophisticated laboratories permit both countries to test the safety of their warheads.

"This signifies that we have reached an unprecedented level of trust," the French source said. "It's this step taken in the nuclear domain that allows us to go further elsewhere."

The source said London and Paris were negotiating with Airbus on a deal to maintain their future fleet of A400M military transport planes. The contract is expected to be signed at the end of 2011, he said.

France will look at using some of the spare capacity that Britain expects to have in military refueling planes once it takes delivery of 14 new Airbus tankers, the source said.

British legislators have criticized Britain's 10 billion pound ($16 billion) contract to lease tankers from an EADS-led consortium as poor value for money -- but allowing France some use of them could mitigate this.

A top British military official has said it would make sense for the U.S. Air Force also to choose EADS tankers, rather than ones made by U.S. company Boeing.

Britain and France will work together in developing technology for future generations of nuclear submarines, missiles, aerial drones, maritime anti-mine systems and military communications satellites, the source said.

They will also seek to strengthen their cooperation in cyber security and the fight against terrorism.

(Additional reporting by Catherine Bremer; Editing by Kevin Liffey)

 
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